RHD*01W.2 - RHD*weak D type 2
(ISBT table: Weak D and Del v5.0)
This entry is an RHD allele.
RHD(G385A), RHD*1154C, RHD*1154C (weak D type 2), RHD*1154G>C, weak D type 2,
Molecular data
Phenotype
Main D phenotype: weak D (last update: Dec. 28, 2020)Reports by D phenotype
- D positive (apparently normal D or undetailed positive D)
- Mixed-field
- Undetailed ambiguous D phenotype
- Mixed-field
- Discrepant D phenotype (negative or positive depending on anti-D reagents and techniques)
- Mixed-field
- Weak D phenotype
- Mixed-field
- Very weak D phenotype
- Mixed-field
- DEL
- Mixed-field
- D negative
- Mixed-field
Other RH phenotypes: RH:-2, -3, -5, -19, -31,
Serology with monoclonal anti-D
- 1 monoclonal IgG anti-D non-reactive with variant, out of 60 monoclonal IgG anti 22 IgM anti-D tested
- 0 monoclonal IgG anti-D non-reactive with variant, tested with Diagast Dscreen kit
- only a few anti-D tested
- sample used as control (Table II)
- tested with Diagast Dscreen kit and ID-Partial Rh D-Typing Set, results not detailed
- 0 monoclonal IgG anti-D non-reactive with variant, out of 16 monoclonal IgG tested
(Table 3; sample also included in
11889898 ) - 0 monoclonal IgG anti-D non-reactive with variant, out of 22 monoclonal IgG tested (Table 2)
- results are not detailed per Ab or per variant
- (Tables 3, 4)
- 0 monoclonal IgG anti-D non-reactive with variant, 1 sample tested with 2 panels of monoclonal anti-D (17 IgG, 4 IgM) (Table 3)
Antigen Density (Ag/RBC)
- range: 446 - 818, median: 674 Ag/RBC, with 6 IgG anti-D; 24 RH:1,-2,3,4,5 samples tested (table 3)
- Ag/RBC, RBCs with different RHCE phenotypes
- 491 Ag/RBC, 1 sample used as control
- range: 111 - 140, median 125 Ag/RBC, 2 R1R2 samples
- mean: 917 Ag/RBC, 11 samples
- range: 293 - 511, median 456 Ag/RBC, range with different monoclonal anti-D from one sample
- range: 488 - 626, median: 557 Ag/RBC, 2 samples, median (range) with 11 IgG anti-D
- range: 449 - 603, median 515 Ag/RBC, range with different monoclonal anti-D from one sample
- range: 391 - 1052, median 620 Ag/RBC, 11 R2r samples
- 374 Ag/RBC, 1 sample, 2 monoclonal anti-D
- 384 Ag/RBC, 1 sample, 2 monoclonal anti-D
- 407 Ag/RBC, 1 sample, 2 monoclonal anti-D
- 437 Ag/RBC, 1 sample, 2 monoclonal anti-D
- 462 Ag/RBC, 1 sample, 2 monoclonal anti-D
- 521 Ag/RBC, 1 sample, 2 monoclonal anti-D
- 587 Ag/RBC, 1 sample, 2 monoclonal anti-D
- 489 Ag/RBC, derived from the results obtained with 59 of the 59 monoclonal IgG anti-D tested
- mean: 916 Ag/RBC, 8 samples; Ag density estimated from a measure with a single monoclonal IgG anti-D, compared to a RH:1,2,3,4,5 control sample with an antigen density assumed to be about 27.500 Ag/RBC
More phenotype data
Haplotype
Main CcEe phenotype association: cE is the most frequent association, ce is a rare association (last update: Jan. 8, 2021)ce | Ce | cE | CE | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ce | 3 | 3 | 252 | 0 |
Ce | 1 | 3 | 0 | |
cE | 208 | 0 | ||
CE | 0 |
Reports by CcEe phenotype
- with CcEe 1 sample
- with cE 43 samples (haplotype given, not complete phenotype)
- with ccEe 1 sample (1 sample? used as control)
- with Ce 1 sample
- with ce 3 samples
- with Ccee 3 samples (3 samples; typo between weak D type 2 and 3?)
2 samples (2 samples; 1 heterozygous with RHef00197) (considering RHCE genotyping, RHD zygosity and RHD allele, R2 was considered the most likely haplotype)
3 samples (family study)
1 sample (1 sample, haplotype given, not complete phenotype)
4 samples (haplotype given, not complete phenotype)
109 samples (haplotype given, not complete phenotype)
25 samples (haplotype given, not complete phenotype)
11 samples (haplotype given, not complete phenotype)
12 samples (haplotype given, not complete phenotype)
0 samples (haplotype given, not complete phenotype; presented as a general association) (Figure 2; presented as a general association, no sample count)
2 samples (2 samples used as controls, may have been included in other studies)
57 samples
16 samples
23 samples
9 samples
7 samples
22 samples
46 samples
63 samples
6 samples (6 heterozygous samples, probably with RHef00442)
Reports by allele association
Alloimmunization
Antibodies in carriers
Antibody specificity: D (RH1)
Summary: not considered at risk for allo-anti-D despite exceptional anti-D descriptions (last update: Dec. 28, 2020)Detailed information
-
Wagner FF et al. Blood (2000)
- Ab specificity: D (RH1)
- Number (auto- or allo-):
- Number listed as allo-:
- Number listed as auto-: 1
- Number of carriers of the allele assessed:
- DAT:
- Autologuous control:
- Elution: positive: anti-D
- Autoadsorption:
- Titer: 2
- Was anti-LW excluded?:
- Other antibodies detected: none
- Cross matches (with Ab and RBCs from different partial types):
- Transfusion history:
- Pregnancy history:
- Anti-D Ig history:
- Context:
- Hemolytic consequences:
- Comment:
Wagner FF et al. Transfus Med Hemother (2014) (RIR n°1)
-
Wagner FF et al. Blood (2000)
- Ab specificity: D (RH1)
- Number (auto- or allo-):
- Number listed as allo-:
- Number listed as auto-: 1
- Number of carriers of the allele assessed:
- DAT:
- Autologuous control:
- Elution: positive: anti-D
- Autoadsorption:
- Titer: 4
- Was anti-LW excluded?:
- Other antibodies detected: anti-C
- Cross matches (with Ab and RBCs from different partial types):
- Transfusion history:
- Pregnancy history:
- Anti-D Ig history:
- Context:
- Hemolytic consequences:
- Comment:
Wagner FF et al. Transfus Med Hemother (2014) (RIR n°11)
-
Denomme GA et al. Transfusion (2005)
- Ab specificity: D (RH1)
- Number (auto- or allo-): 0
- Number listed as allo-:
- Number listed as auto-:
- Number of carriers of the allele assessed:
- DAT:
- Autologuous control:
- Elution:
- Autoadsorption:
- Titer:
- Was anti-LW excluded?:
- Other antibodies detected:
- Cross matches (with Ab and RBCs from different partial types):
- Transfusion history:
- Pregnancy history:
- Anti-D Ig history:
- Context:
- Hemolytic consequences:
- Comment: lists exposures to standard D antigen and patient blood management for several carriers
-
Pham BN et al. Immunohematology (2013)
- Ab specificity: D (RH1)
- Number (auto- or allo-):
- Number listed as allo-:
- Number listed as auto-: 6
- Number of carriers of the allele assessed: 109
- DAT: ND
- Autologuous control: ND
- Elution: ND
- Autoadsorption: ND
- Titer: ND
- Was anti-LW excluded?: ND
- Other antibodies detected: ND
- Cross matches (with Ab and RBCs from different partial types): ND
- Transfusion history: ND
- Pregnancy history:
- Anti-D Ig history: ND
- Context: ND
- Hemolytic consequences: ND
- Comment: 6 anti-D in 109 individuals with this allele; anti-D in carriers of this allele are considered auto-anti-D by authors (see 21658048)
-
S Vege et al. Transfusion (2011)
- Ab specificity: D (RH1)
- Number (auto- or allo-):
- Number listed as allo-: 7
- Number listed as auto-:
- Number of carriers of the allele assessed: ND
- DAT: positive for the 3, recently transfused, patients
- Autologuous control: negative, except for 3, recently transfused, patients
- Elution: anti-D eluted for the 3, recently transfused, patients
- Autoadsorption: ND
- Titer: ND
- Was anti-LW excluded?: yes
- Other antibodies detected: ND
- Cross matches (with Ab and RBCs from different partial types): ND
- Transfusion history: 3 recently transfused
- Pregnancy history:
- Anti-D Ig history: ND, probably none
- Context: ND
- Hemolytic consequences: ND
- Comment: For some samples, all 10 RHD exons were sequenced to rule out additional mutations
-
Flegel WA et al. Curr Opin Hematol (2006)
(some samples overlap with other reports)
- Ab specificity: D (RH1)
- Number (auto- or allo-):
- Number listed as allo-: 0
- Number listed as auto-: 8
- Number of carriers of the allele assessed: 8
- DAT: ND
- Autologuous control: ND
- Elution: ND
- Autoadsorption: ND
- Titer: ND
- Was anti-LW excluded?: ND
- Other antibodies detected: ND
- Cross matches (with Ab and RBCs from different partial types): ND
- Transfusion history: ND
- Pregnancy history:
- Anti-D Ig history: ND, probably none
- Context: ND
- Hemolytic consequences: ND
- Comment: "reports of the Rhesus Immunization Registery as of June 2006"
Wagner FF et al. Transfus Med Hemother (2014)
-
Westhoff CM et al. Transfusion (2007)
(Table 3)
- Ab specificity: D (RH1)
- Number (auto- or allo-): 2
- Number listed as allo-:
- Number listed as auto-:
- Number of carriers of the allele assessed: ND
- DAT: ND
- Autologuous control: ND
- Elution: ND
- Autoadsorption: ND
- Titer: ND
- Was anti-LW excluded?: ND
- Other antibodies detected: ND
- Cross matches (with Ab and RBCs from different partial types): ND
- Transfusion history: ND
- Pregnancy history:
- Anti-D Ig history: ND
- Context: ND
- Hemolytic consequences: none
- Comment:
-
Daniels G et al. Br J Haematol (2013)
(review)
- Ab specificity: D (RH1)
- Number (auto- or allo-): no new case detailed
- Number listed as allo-:
- Number listed as auto-: ND
- Number of carriers of the allele assessed: ND
- DAT: ND
- Autologuous control: ND
- Elution: ND
- Autoadsorption: ND
- Titer: ND
- Was anti-LW excluded?: ND
- Other antibodies detected: ND
- Cross matches (with Ab and RBCs from different partial types): ND
- Transfusion history: ND
- Pregnancy history:
- Anti-D Ig history: ND
- Context: ND
- Hemolytic consequences: ND
- Comment: "individuals with RHef00238, RHef00288, and RHef00301 make alloanti-D only extremely rarely, if at all"
Antibodies in D negative recipients
Alloimmunization in recipients: expected to be possible, see phenotype data
Reports
Summary: common allele, mainly in individuals of Western European (Caucasian) descent, or compatible with such descent (last update: Dec. 28, 2020)Detailed reports
- 43/161 random donors with weak D phenotype; DVI samples were excluded by serologic testing in the German population (Southwestern Germany), White (Table 5)
- 48/99 donors with weak D phenotype Australian
- 10/146 donors with weak D phenotype White, in the Austrian (Tyrol) population
- 44/270 donors with weak D phenotype White, in the German (Northern Germany) population
- 1/8442 (1 of the 5 donors who were really weakly D positive) 8442 donors with D negative phenotype, screened for presence of the RHD gene in two surveys; 754 donors were C and/or E positive, the rest were ccee phenotype; 5 donors were revealed to be weakly D positive in the German population (Baden-Wurttemberg)
- 2 related samples (+1 heterozygous with RHef00442) family study of a discordant D negative phenotype with RHD gene sequences in the Austrian population
- 21/168 among 168 samples referred for weak D phenotype and/or allo anti-D in D positive individuals, 137 were characterized in the study (70 by serology, 67 by molecular analysis, 31 could not be typed because serologic typing was inconclusive and molecular typing could not be performed) in the French population (Caucasian)
- 0/250 250 donors with RH:1,–2,3,4,5 phenotype among 1000 donors screened for RHD molecular variants by several PCR-SSP and exon 5 sequencing of all samples (500 R0r, 250 R1R, 250 R2r) in the German population (southwestern Germany)
- 8/55 55 discrepant or weak D phenotypes among 33864 multiethnic patients (of African, Asian, Indoasian and European extraction) in the Canadian (Toronto) population
- 4/23 121022 donors tested: 201 had weak D phenotype and, among those, 23 very weak D phenotype German
- 63/99 weak D phenotype Portuguese
- 9/13 475 RH:1,-2,3,4,5 random donor samples were tested for D antigen density, 13 were in the lower range of antigen density and were genotyped German
- 63/289 289 samples with ambiguous D phenotype (333 consecutive samples with ambiguous D phenotype studied but 44 were hybrid alleles, excluded from the study) in the French (Western France) population
- 11/45 45 samples referred for D typing discrepancies in the USA population (Table 2)
- 2/21 21 samples referred for anti-D in a D positive individual Caucasian, in the USA population (Table 3)
- 1/10 among 10 samples sent for RHD characterization in the Austrian population, Upper Austria
- 29/191 (23 donors and 6 patients) among 191 samples with weak D expression or unclear D phenotype within 44,743 donors and 8,604 patients tested in the Austrian population, Upper Austria
- 16/55162 among samples C or E positive and positive for "Du test" (55162 samples were typed; 314 were ddCcee, with 63 positive for "Du test" and 154 were ddccEe, with 30 positive for "Du test"; of the 93 "Du positive", 60 underwent molecular analysis) in the French population
- 11/101 donors with weak D phenotype Danish
- 1/23330 donors with D negative phenotype samples tested for RHD exons 4, 7 and 10 (94 were PCR positive, 74 weak D or DEL in subsequent serologic analysis) in the Austrian population, Upper Austria
- 59/141 donors and patients with ambiguous D phenotype (and 1 heterozyguous RHef00288 / RHef00197 sample) in the French population
- 1/25 donors with "weak D or questionnable D status" explored by NGS to compare with Sanger sequencing in the Austrian population, Upper Austria
- 6/167 discrepant D testing results (donors?) Croatian
- 6/45 (prevalence among weak D phenotype) or 6/12672 (phenotypic prevalence in population) 45 patients with weak D phenotype were genotyped in a cohort of 12672 patients from a public hospital Argentinean
- 3/43 (prevalence among weak D) or 3/5707 (phenotypic prevalence in population) 43 patients with weak D phenotype were genotyped in a cohort of 5707 patients from a private laboratory Argentinean
- 1/16 among 2007 unrelated donors, 16 had weak D phenotype in the Brazilian population (Sao Paulo, mainly racially mixed non-white skin color individuals)
- 4 samples including 1/26 among 26 French Canadian with weak D phenotype or D positive phenotype and anti-D Caucasian, French Canadian
- 8/163 (including 1 heterozygous with RHef00452) selected variants included for the development of a genotyping assay mainly in the Dutch population (samples may have been included in other studies)
- 85/430 (1 heterozygous) among samples with ambigous D phenotype in the French population (Table S1)
- 5/50 (all donors) 50 samples (33 donors and 17 patients) with discrepant or weak D phenotyping in the Egyptian population
- 1 sample (heterozygous with RHef00791) reported by a French lab from Brest, Brittany
- 3/31200 consecutive donors with D negative phenotype, tested for presence of RHD intron 4, exon 7 and/or exon 10 in the Polish population
- 1/50 (heterozygous with RHef00008) among 50 donors, the majority referred because of ambiguous RH5 antigen typing, found to have RHCE*ceMO (44 with RHef00008, 6 with RHef00442) in the USA population
- 109/748 among 748 individuals with D anomaly (weak or discrepant D phenotype or anti-D in individuals with D positive phenotype), 459 had D variants "that could be named weak D" (including alleles RHef00313, RHef00317 and RHef00318, as well as RHef00197 and RHef00283), 138 had partial D, 65 had no variant, 86 were not persued further (two variant alleles or incomplete or pending analysis) in the French population
- 25/360 donors with atypical D phenotype (discrepancies or reactivity weaker than 3+) Brazilian
- 2/58 within a donor population of 38836, 4272 initially typed D negative and 58 of these were found to be weak D with different reagents Albanian
-
6/2000 all heterozygous samples among 2000 random donors (1777 typed D positive), all donors were genotyped for 1154T in the Tunisian population
(study may overlap with
24014941 ) - 146/627 weak D typing (95% from patients, 5% from donors; 21,2% were identified as RHef00442 or RHef00446 by authors, "mostly (…) inconclusive serology consequent to recent transfusion") in the Belgian (Flanders) population
-
0/45 among 763408 donors, after ruling out partial D phenotypes by using 5 monoclonal anti-D, 75 were considered weak D phenotype and 45 were genotyped Japanese
(some samples in common with
27183894 ) - 3/37782 270 women with variant alleles among 37782 women with D negative phenotype, tested by quantitative fetal RHD genotyping designed to detect RHD exons 5 and 7 in the Dutch population
-
0/226 226 donors considered weak D phenotype, after ruling out partial D phenotypes by using 5 monoclonal anti-D Japanese
(1 sample in common with
26340140 ) - 1/400 among random blood and bone marrow donors genotyped for RHD in the Brazilian population (Parana state, Southern Brazil)
- 45/351 (+ 2 heterozygous: 1 for RHef00238 and RHef00288, 1 for RHef00288 and RHef00313) out of 351 prenatal patients with discrepant D phenotyping results (population tested 608486 patients) Canadian
- 25/100 donors with weak D phenotype Australian
- 12/104 (prevalence among weak D) or 12/21353 (phenotypic prevalence in population) 104 with weak D phenotype were genotyped in a cohort of 21353 pregnant women admixed Brazilian
- 1/662 among 662 pregnant patients with apparent D negative phenotype, enroled for fetal genotyping in the Australian population
- 256/257 samples with RHD c.1154G>C mutation (typical of weak D type 2), subtypes excluded in the French population (Western France)
- 0/223 donors with D negative phenotype initially, found to have D antigen expression (67 of the 223 samples of the cohort) or samples referred with discrepant or weak D typing, or discrepancies with previous typings, or anti-D in D positive individuals (156 of the 223 samples of the cohort) in the Indian population
- 9/26 26 samples with weak D phenotype, analyzed by NGS Caucasian, in the UK (Bristol) population
- 1/23 donors with weak D phenotype (among 4458 random donors, 4028 types D positive including 19 weak D phenotype, 420 typed D negative including 4 showed to be weak D by further serological testing; in total 23 donors had weak D phenotype) in the Maroccan population
- 1/61 donors with apparent D negative phenotype, C and/or E positive Serbian
- 2/64 among 175000 donors, 64 had weak D phenotype and underwent molecular identification in the Greek population
- 23/231 231 donors with weak D phenotype in the Argentinean population (Northwestern Argentina)
- 27/273 donors with weak D phenotype in the Brazilian population
- 5/57 samples with ambiguous D phenotype among about 15,800 samples tested (22/5,800 donors and 35/10,000 patients had ambiguous D phenotype) presumed Caucasian, in the Danish population (91,4% Caucasian)
- 7/94 donors with discreapancies in D typing Southeast Brazilan
- 46/353 samples referred for discrepant or weak D typing mainly Whites, in the USA population
- 2/16,253 samples of pregnant women with D negative of weak D (2+ or less), screened for fetal RHD in the Finnish population
- 2/6523 D negative donors underwent molecular screening for RHD exons 7 and 10 (RHD sequences were detected in 23/6523) in the Croatian population
- 1 hemizygote, 1 heterozygote among 278 samples selected for the development of nonspecific quantitative next-generation sequencing. (non-random samples, may have been reported in other studies)
Allele or phenotype frequency
- 1/1082 estimated allele frequency in the German population (Southwestern Germany), White
- 0.000759 estimated prevalence in the German population
- 1/23330 (CI: 1/4926 - 1/500000) estimated allele frequency in individuals with D negative phenotype in the Austrian population, Upper Austria
- 1/10400 (CI: 1/4024 - 1/38156) estimated allele frequency in individuals with D negative phenotype in the Polish population
- 1/38836 (CI: 1/320512 - 1/10751) estimated allele frequency Albanian
- 0.0613 allele frequency in 106 donors with weak D phenotype Brazilian (mixed origin, mainly between African and European descent)
- 0.189 allele frequency in 58 patients with weak D phenotype Brazilian (mixed origin, mainly between African and European descent)
- 0.012 calculated in 16,253 samples of pregnant women with D negative of weak D (2+ or less), screened for fetal RHD in the Finnish population
- 1/320 calculated allele frequency among donors with D negative and C and/or E positive phenotype in the Croatian population
- 1/3261 calculated allele frequency among donors with D negative phenotype in the Croatian population
Structure mapping
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References
- International Society of Blood Transfusion et al. International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) allele table Online ressource, 1935. — Online ressource — [RHeference]
- Wagner FF et al. Molecular basis of weak D phenotypes. Blood, 1999. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Flegel WA et al. Primary anti-D immunization by weak D type 2 RBCs. Transfusion, 2000. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Cowley NM et al. RHD gene mutations and the weak D phenotype: an Australian blood donor study. Vox Sang, 2000. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Wagner FF et al. Weak D alleles express distinct phenotypes. Blood, 2000. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Wagner FF et al. RHD positive haplotypes in D negative Europeans. BMC Genet, 2001. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Legler TJ et al. RHD sequencing: a new tool for decision making on transfusion therapy and provision of Rh prophylaxis. Transfus Med, 2001. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Kamesaki T et al. Molecular characterization of weak D phenotypes by site-directed mutagenesis and expression of mutant Rh-green fluorescence protein fusions in K562 cells. Vox Sang, 2001. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Müller TH et al. PCR screening for common weak D types shows different distributions in three Central European populations. Transfusion, 2001. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Wagner FF et al. The DAU allele cluster of the RHD gene. Blood, 2002. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Flegel WA et al. Section 1B: Rh flow cytometry. Coordinator's report. Rhesus index and antigen density: an analysis of the reproducibility of flow cytometric determination. Transfus Clin Biol, 2002. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Noizat-Pirenne F et al. Serological studies of monoclonal RH antibodies with RH1 (D), RH2 (C), RH3 (E) and RH5 (e) variant RBCs. Transfus Clin Biol, 2003. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Ansart-Pirenne H et al. RhD variants in Caucasians: consequences for checking clinically relevant alleles. Transfusion, 2004. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Chen Q et al. Random survey for RHD alleles among D+ European persons. Transfusion, 2005. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Körmöczi GF et al. Novel weak D types 31 and 32: adsorption-elution-supported D antigen analysis and comparison to prevalent weak D types. Transfusion, 2005. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Denomme GA et al. Partial D, weak D types, and novel RHD alleles among 33,864 multiethnic patients: implications for anti-D alloimmunization and prevention. Transfusion, 2005. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Doescher A et al. Weak D type 1.1 exemplifies another complexity in weak D genotyping. Transfusion, 2005. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Flegel WA et al. How I manage donors and patients with a weak D phenotype. Curr Opin Hematol, 2006. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Yu X et al. Outliers in RhD membrane integration are explained by variant RH haplotypes. Transfusion, 2006. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Araújo F et al. Weak D type 2 is the most prevalent weak D type in Portugal. Transfus Med, 2006. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Westhoff CM et al. Rh complexities: serology and DNA genotyping. Transfusion, 2007. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Le Maréchal C et al. Identification of 12 novel RHD alleles in western France by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Transfusion, 2007. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Noizat-Pirenne F et al. Weak D phenotypes and transfusion safety: where do we stand in daily practice? Transfusion, 2007. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Polin H et al. Effective molecular RHD typing strategy for blood donations. Transfusion, 2007. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Christiansen M et al. Correlation between serology and genetics of weak D types in Denmark. Transfusion, 2008. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Flegel WA et al. DCS-1, DCS-2, and DFV share amino acid substitutions at the extracellular RhD protein vestibule. Transfusion, 2008. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Polin H et al. Identification of RHD alleles with the potential of anti-D immunization among seemingly D- blood donors in Upper Austria. Transfusion, 2009. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Dogic V et al. Distribution of weak D types in the Croatian population. Transfus Med, 2011. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Stabentheiner S et al. Overcoming methodical limits of standard RHD genotyping by next-generation sequencing. Vox Sang, 2011. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Pham BN et al. Anti-D investigations in individuals expressing weak D Type 1 or weak D Type 2: allo- or autoantibodies? Transfusion, 2011. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Silvy M et al. Weak D and DEL alleles detected by routine SNaPshot genotyping: identification of four novel RHD alleles. Transfusion, 2011. [Citation] [RHeference]
- S Vege et al. Weak D Type 2 and Production of Anti-D Transfusion, 2011. — Abstract — [RHeference]
- St-Louis M et al. Weak D type 42 cases found in individuals of European descent. Immunohematology, 2011. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Brajovich ME et al. Comprehensive analysis of RHD alleles in Argentineans with variant D phenotypes. Transfusion, 2012. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Cruz BR et al. RHD alleles in Brazilian blood donors with weak D or D-negative phenotypes. Transfus Med, 2012. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Silvy M et al. Characterization of novel RHD alleles: relationship between phenotype, genotype, and trimeric architecture. Transfusion, 2012. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Haer-Wigman L et al. RHD and RHCE variant and zygosity genotyping via multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Transfusion, 2013. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Daniels G et al. Variants of RhD--current testing and clinical consequences. Br J Haematol, 2013. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Westhoff CM et al. RHCE*ceMO is frequently in cis to RHD*DAU0 and encodes a hr(S) -, hr(B) -, RH:-61 phenotype in black persons: clinical significance. Transfusion, 2013. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Abdelrazik AM et al. Combining serology and molecular typing of weak D role in improving D typing strategy in Egypt. Transfusion, 2013. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Fichou Y et al. A convenient qualitative and quantitative method to investigate RHD-RHCE hybrid genes. Transfusion, 2013. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Orzińska A et al. RHD variants in Polish blood donors routinely typed as D-. Transfusion, 2013. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Pham BN et al. Molecular analysis of patients with weak D and serologic analysis of those with anti-D (excluding type 1 and type 2). Immunohematology, 2013. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Fichou Y et al. Establishment of a medium-throughput approach for the genotyping of RHD variants and report of nine novel rare alleles. Transfusion, 2013. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Xhetani M et al. Distribution of Rhesus blood group antigens and weak D alleles in the population of Albania. Blood Transfus, 2014. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Arnoni CP et al. How do we identify RHD variants using a practical molecular approach? Transfusion, 2014. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Flegel WA et al. Phasing-in RHD genotyping. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2014. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Wagner FF et al. The Rhesus Site. Transfus Med Hemother, 2014. [Citation] [RHeference]
- A C Gaspardi et al. RHD variants in blood donors from Southeast Brazil. Transfusion, 2015. — Abstract — [RHeference]
- Fichou Y et al. Extensive functional analyses of RHD splice site variants: Insights into the potential role of splicing in the physiology of Rh. Transfusion, 2015. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Sandler SG et al. It's time to phase in RHD genotyping for patients with a serologic weak D phenotype. College of American Pathologists Transfusion Medicine Resource Committee Work Group. Transfusion, 2015. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Ouchari M et al. Weak D in the Tunisian population. Blood Transfus, 2015. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Van Sandt VS et al. RHD variants in Flanders, Belgium. Transfusion, 2015. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Clarke G et al. Resolving variable maternal D typing using serology and genotyping in selected prenatal patients. Transfusion, 2016. [Citation] [RHeference]
- Zacarias JM et al. Frequency of RHD variants in Brazilian blood donors from Parana State, Southern Brazil. Transfus Apher Sci, 2016. [Citation] [RHeference]
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Last update: Jan. 8, 2021